what treaty forced several indian tribes to establish boundaries to the land they claimed

Law authorizing removal of Indians from Us states

Indian Removal Human action

Long title	An Human activity to provide for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in whatsoever of united states or territories, and for their removal west of the river Mississippi.
Enacted by	the 21st Us Congress
Citations
Public law	Pub.Fifty. 21–148
Statutes at Large	four Stat. 411
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate equally Due south. 102 Passed the Senate on April 24, 1830 (28-19) Passed the Business firm on May 26, 1830 (101-97) Signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830

The Indian Removal Act was signed into law on May 28, 1830, by U.s. President Andrew Jackson. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern (including Mid-Atlantic) Native American tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in commutation for white settlement of their ancestral lands.^{[1] [two] [3]} The Act was signed by Andrew Jackson and it was strongly enforced nether his administration and that of Martin Van Buren, which extended until 1841.^[four]

The Human action was strongly supported by southern and northwestern populations, but was opposed past native tribes and the Whig Political party. The Cherokee worked together to stop this relocation, but were unsuccessful; they were eventually forcibly removed past the United States government in a march to the west that later on became known as the Trail of Tears, which has been described every bit an human action of genocide, because many died during the removals.^[5]

Groundwork [edit]

President Andrew Jackson called for an American Indian Removal Human activity in his outset (1829) Country of the Matrimony address.

Sharing European culture [edit]

When Europeans and Native Americans came into contact during colonial times or in the early on Usa, the Europeans felt their civilisation to be superior: they had writing, navigation, and Christianity. The obvious solution, whose validity was non even debated until much later, was to share their civilization with the Native Americans, and for them to adopt European civilisation. This acculturation was originally proposed past George Washington and was well underway among the Cherokee and the Choctaw by the beginning of the 19th century.^[6] Indians were encouraged to adopt European customs. First, they must convert to Christianity and abandon "pagan" practices. They should also learn to speak and read English language, although there was a small-scale interest in creating a writing and printing system for a few Native languages, peculiarly Cherokee. The Native Americans had to adopt monogamous heterosexual union and abandon non-marital sex. Finally, they had to have the concept of individual buying of land and other holding (including, in some instances, African slaves).^[7] Thomas Jefferson'southward policy echoed that of Washington's: respect the Indians' rights to their homelands, and allow the 5 Civilized Tribes to remain east of the Mississippi provided that they adopted behavior and cultural practices that were compatible with those of the European Americans. Jefferson believed in and promoted a lodge based on agriculture.

The perceived failure of this policy [edit]

The Usa government began a systematic endeavor to remove American Indian tribes from the Southeast.^[8] The Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee-Creek, Seminole, and original Cherokee nations^[9] had been established as democratic nations in the southeastern United states.

Andrew Jackson sought to renew a policy of political and military machine action for the removal of the Indians from these lands and worked toward enacting a law for Indian removal.^{[x] [xi]} In his 1829 Land of the Spousal relationship accost, Jackson chosen for Indian removal.^[12]

The Indian Removal Act was put in place to give to the Southern states the land that belonged to the Native Americans. The act was passed in 1830, although dialogue had been ongoing since 1802 betwixt Georgia and the federal government concerning the possibility of such an act. Ethan Davis states that "the federal government had promised Georgia that it would extinguish Indian title within the state'southward borders by purchase 'as shortly equally such purchase could be made upon reasonable terms'".^[13] Every bit fourth dimension passed, Southern states began to speed upwards the procedure by claiming that the deal betwixt Georgia and the federal authorities was invalid and that Southern states could pass laws extinguishing Indian title themselves. In response, the federal government passed the Indian Removal Human action on May 28, 1830, in which President Jackson agreed to dissever the United States territory west of the Mississippi River into districts for tribes to supersede the land from which they were removed.

In the 1823 case of Johnson v. Thou'Intosh, the United States Supreme Court handed downwardly a decision stating that Indians could occupy and control lands within the United States but could not concur championship to those lands.^[14] Jackson viewed the union as a federation of highly esteemed states, every bit was common before the American Ceremonious War. He opposed Washington's policy of establishing treaties with Indian tribes as if they were foreign nations. Thus, the creation of Indian jurisdictions was a violation of land sovereignty nether Article Four, Section 3 of the Constitution. As Jackson saw it, either Indians comprised sovereign states (which violated the Constitution) or they were subject to the laws of existing states of the Wedlock. Jackson urged Indians to digest and obey state laws. Further, he believed that he could only arrange the desire for Indian self-rule in federal territories, which required resettlement west of the Mississippi River on federal lands.^{[fifteen] [16]}

Support and opposition [edit]

Congressional debates apropos the Indian Removal Act, April 1830

The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, particularly in Georgia, which was the largest state in 1802 and was involved in a jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee. President Jackson hoped that removal would resolve the Georgia crunch.^[17] As well the V Civilized Tribes, boosted people affected included the Wyandot, the Kickapoo, the Potowatomi, the Shawnee, and the Lenape.^[18]

The Indian Removal Act was controversial. Many Americans during this fourth dimension favored its passage, but there was likewise significant opposition. Many Christian missionaries protested against it, about notably missionary organizer Jeremiah Evarts. In Congress, New Bailiwick of jersey Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen, Kentucky Senator Henry Clay, Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett spoke out against the legislation. The Removal Act passed only after a bitter fence in Congress.^{[19] [20]} Clay extensively campaigned confronting it on the National Republican Party ticket in the 1832 Us presidential election.^[20]

Jackson viewed the demise of Indian tribal nations equally inevitable, pointing to the advancement of settled life and the demise of tribal nations in the American northeast. He called his Northern critics hypocrites, given the North'south history regarding tribes within their territory. Jackson stated that "progress requires moving forward."^[21]

Humanity has often wept over the fate of the aborigines of this land and philanthropy has long been busily employed in devising ways to avert it, simply its progress has never for a moment been arrested, and 1 by one have many powerful tribes disappeared from the world... But true philanthropy reconciles the mind to these vicissitudes as it does to the extinction of one generation to make room for another... In the monuments and fortresses of an unknown people, spread over the extensive regions of the West, we behold the memorials of a once powerful race, which was exterminated or has disappeared to make room for the existing fell tribes… Philanthropy could not wish to run across this continent restored to the status in which information technology was found by our forefathers. What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms, embellished with all the improvements which art can devise or industry execute, occupied by more than 12,000,000 happy people, and filled with all the blessings of freedom, civilization, and religion?^{[22] [23] [24]}

According to historian H. W. Brands, Jackson sincerely believed that his population transfer was a "wise and humane policy" that would save the Indians from "utter annihilation". Jackson portrayed the removal as a generous act of mercy.^[21]

According to Robert Chiliad. Keeton, proponents of the bill used biblical narratives to justify the forced resettlement of Native Americans.^[25]

Vote [edit]

On April 24, 1830, the Senate passed the Indian Removal Deed by a vote of 28 to 19.^[26] On May 26, 1830, the House of Representatives passed the Deed by a vote of 101 to 97.^[27] On May 28, 1830, the Indian Removal Act was signed into police by President Andrew Jackson.

Implementation [edit]

The Removal Act paved the way for the forced expulsion of tens of thousands of American Indians from their land into the West in an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears," a forced resettlement of the Indian population.^{[28] [29] [30] [31]} The first removal treaty signed was the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on September 27, 1830, in which Choctaws in Mississippi ceded land eastward of the river in commutation for payment and land in the West. The Treaty of New Echota was signed in 1835 and resulted in the removal of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears.

The Seminoles and other tribes did not go out peacefully, as they resisted the removal forth with avoiding slaves. The Second Seminole State of war lasted from 1835 to 1842 and resulted in the government allowing them to remain in s Florida swampland. Only a minor number remained, and around 3,000 were removed in the war.^[32]

See likewise [edit]

• Worcester v. Georgia

References [edit]

1. ^ The U.Due south. Senate passed the bill on April 24, 1830 (28–19), the U.Due south. Business firm passed it on May 26, 1830 (102–97); Prucha, Francis Paul, The Bully Father: The United states Government and the American Indians, Volume I, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984, p. 206.
2. ^ The Congressional Record; May 26, 1830; Business firm vote No. 149; Government Tracker online; retrieved October 2015
3. ^ "Indian Removal Human activity: Primary Documents of Americas History". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
4. ^ Lewey, Guenter (September 1, 2004). "Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?". Commentary . Retrieved March 8, 2017. Also bachelor in reprint from the History News Network.
5. ^ The "Indian Problem". ten:51–11:17: National Museum of the American Indian. March 3, 2015. Upshot occurs at 12:21. Retrieved April 16, 2018. When you move a people from one place to another, when you displace people, when y'all wrench people from their homelands ... wasn't that genocide? We don't brand the case that there was genocide. Nosotros know there was. Nevertheless here we are. {{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
6. ^ Thor, The Mighty (2003). "Chapter 2 "Both White and Ruby-red"". Mixed Claret Indians: Racial Construction in the Early Southward. The Academy of Georgia Press. p. 51. ISBN978-0-8203-2731-0.
7. ^ "Trail of Tears". History.com. A+Due east Networks. 2009.
8. ^ "Indian Removal". PBS Africans in America: Judgment Day. WGBH Educational Foundation. 1999.
9. ^ These tribes were referred to equally the "5 Civilized Tribes" by Colonial settlers.
10. ^ Jefferson, Thomas (1803). "President Thomas Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, Governor of Indiana Territory". Retrieved 2012-07-14 .
11. ^ Jackson, Andrew. "President Andrew Jackson's Instance for the Removal Deed". Mount Holyoke College. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
12. ^ "Andrew Jackson calls for Indian removal – North Carolina Digital History". www.learnnc.org. Archived from the original on 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2015-04-07 .
13. ^ Davis, Ethan. "An Administrative Trail of Tears: Indian Removal". The American Periodical of Legal History. 50 (one): 50–55.
14. ^ "Indial Removal 1814–1858". Public Broadcasting Organization. Retrieved 2009-08-11 .
15. ^ Brands, H.W. (2006). Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times. Anchor. p. 488. ISBN978-ane-4000-3072-9.
16. ^ Wilson, Woodrow (1898). Partitioning and Reunion 1829–1889. Longmans, Greenish and Co. pp. 35–38. Indian question.
17. ^ "Indian Removal Act". A&Eastward Tv set Networks. 2011. Archived from the original on March viii, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
18. ^ "Timeline of Removal". Oklahoma Historical Society . Retrieved 18 January 2019.
19. ^ Howe pp. 348–52.
20. ^ ^{a b} Farris, Scott (2012). Most president : the men who lost the race but changed the nation. Internet Archive. Guilford, CN: Lyons Press. p. 32. ISBN978-0-7627-6378-8.
21. ^ ^{a b} Brands; (2006); pp. 489–93
22. ^ Brands; (2006); p. 490
23. ^ "Statements from the Argue on Indian Removal". Columbia Academy. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
24. ^ Steven Mintz, ed. (1995). Native American Voices: A History and Anthology. Vol. two. Brandywine Press. pp. 115–16.
25. ^ Keeton, Robert M. (2015-07-10). 5. "The Race of Pale Men Should Increment and Multiply". New York University Press. doi:10.18574/9781479895731-007 (inactive 28 February 2022). ISBN978-i-4798-9573-one. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2022 (link)
26. ^ "To Order Engrossment and Third Reading of S. 102". GovTrack. 2013-07-07. Retrieved 2013-10-21 .
27. ^ "To Pass S. 102. (P. 729)". GovTrack. 2013-07-07. Retrieved 2013-x-21 . The neb passed 101–97, with eleven non voting
28. ^ Greenwood, Robert East. (2007). Outsourcing Culture: How American Civilization has Changed From "We the People" Into a Ane Earth Government. Outskirts Printing. p. 97.
29. ^ Molhotra, Rajiv (2009). "American Exceptionalism and the Myth of the American Frontiers". In Rajani Kannepalli Kanth (ed.). The Claiming of Eurocentrism . Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 180, 184, 189, 199. ISBN9780230612273.
30. ^ Finkelman, Paul; Kennon, Donald R. (2008). Congress and the Emergence of Sectionalism. Ohio University Printing. pp. fifteen, 141, 254.
31. ^ BKiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. pp. 328, 330.
32. ^ Foner, Eric (2006). Give me freedom . Norton. ISBN9780393927825.

Further reading [edit]

• Howe, Daniel Walker. What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848. (2007) ISBN 978-0-19-507894-vii

External links [edit]

• Indian Removal Act and related resources, at the Library of Congress
• 1830 State of the Union on Indian Removal; Text at 100 Milestone Documents

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act

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